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Twin engine docking

I am new to boating and would like to get some opinions on docking and how it "should" be done. I have a Wellcraft 270 Coastal with twin Evinrude 200's.

-When docking (perpendicular) should I be steering the boat when maneuvering or using the engines to spin the boat 90 degrees? I'm having a hard time with spinning it and keeping it where it needs to be. ARG!!! So far every time I've tried to spin it I've had to abandon that effort and steer it in. It works but I don't want to get accustom to doing that if it's actually easier to use the engines.

ANY helpful advice on this subject would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks.

Joe
May 30
"the right back and tell me what happens."? Have you been sampling your crops or are you just stupid? Dan
May 31
A brief push will cause the bike to lean in the direction of the turn and John
May 31
I didn't know any of you sp's believed. That's nice to hear. John
May 31
>Why are people so fascinated with recumbent cars?

Because you can recumbent in them?

Short
May 31
I'm glad you laid the blame where it may have belonged. John
May 31
On 31 May 2007 07:54:31 -0700, Chuck Gould <chuckgould.chuck@gmail.com> wrote:

But to keep the turn going, pressure must be maintained on the handlebar, else the bike will right itself.

By Jove, I think you've got it!

John
May 31
I blame Canada.

Or Nebraska.

Short
May 31
You keep talking about "at speed". Just what is the speed you're referring to? D.Duck
May 31
This is just too funny. There is minimal *speed* involved with docking and bicycle riding. JohnH insists on trying to use high speed motorcycle riding as his justification that I have it all wrong in my analogy.

From what I have been able to see in this thread, the old man is starting to act very *Kevinesque* in that he refuses to drop it and admit when *he* was wrong.

JimH
May 31
Faster than walking, say 15 mph or more. At a slow enough speed, like walking speed, the rake of the front end makes no difference in turning. If you push left, you'll go right, just like a tricycle. John
May 31
I once rode across Nebraska. There was a curve in the road. I had a lot of time to set up for it. When I got to it, I pushed left and went left. Then I pushed right to go right. I think we went around one of the few trees in western Nebraska. John
May 31
Jimmie, racing has nothing to do with countersteering. http://www.msgroup.org/TIP163.html

Stay away from motorcycles and bicycles, especially if you are in an emergency situation, unless you're walking the bike of course.

John
May 31
Well thank you very much. I thought I had been steering a bicycle wrong all these years. D.Duck
May 31
No, like most of us, including me, you probably just didn't pay attention to what was actually happening. I didn't realize I was 'countersteering' a motorcycle until I took a rider's course. I'd been riding a motorcycle for several years, but took the course with my wife before we bought her a bike. John
May 31
Everyone who believes that a bike will turn left when the left handlebar is pushed foward, do this: Go down the street, and find a 90 degree left hand turn, just like a city street. Approach at a normal speed for the turn, push the left handlebar forward, the right back and tell me what happens. basskisser
May 31
"sp's" ??? Don
May 31
Don't you mean *thank Canada*? Don
May 31
The bike turns left. John
May 31
Ask your idol. John
May 31
I missed the turn. D.Duck
May 31
> >>Why are people so fascinated with recumbent cars? > > Because you can recumbent in them? Of course, but I prefer a couch or bed to recumbent in. Jim
May 31
Did you take this 'course' before ...or after.. you taught others? Don
May 31
I thought the church preached against 'false idols'. You should know better than that. BTW what's with this 'American Idol' and 'Canadian Idol'. I certainly don't idolize any singer/actor..whatever. Don
May 31
It is obvious that John Herring needs to take a toddlers bicycle training course as he still does not get it.

I hope the old man did not teach his grandchildren, great grandchildren and great, great grandchildren how to ride a bicycle. If he did, they all must have spent time in the emergency ward at the local hospital.

JimH
May 31
Well before. I took the instructor's course while in Germany, several years later. Why do you ask? John
May 31
He's not *my* idol. But I think you've got the 'false' part correct. John
May 31
You're right, neither Eisbock nor I know of what we speak.

Of course, the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, and anyone else who knows anything about motorcycles, is wrong also.

John
May 31
You'd better be careful on those "kids" toys or you'll be having that hip replacement earlier than you planned. D.Duck
May 31
Thanks for the help everyone, I'll use your advice while practicing. ....I'll be staying away from motorcycles until I get this boat thing figures out too.

Joe

Joe
May 31
So, a slight push of the left handlebar (thereby deflcting the front wheel just a smidgen to the right) causes the ike to lean left and it is the leaning, rather than the steering, that makes the bike turn at speed.

Actually makes sense.

Chuck
May 31
Unless you live in a desolate area, the only thing you'll get from a motorcycle, sooner or later, is a serious accident that might kill you.

The sad thing is that I love motorcycles and would love to own and ride one again.

HK
May 31
The main thing to get out of this discussion is to keep your hands off the wheel once it is centered and you begin your approach......let the engines/drives do the maneuvering.

And yes, stay away from high speed motorcycles. ;-)

JimH
May 31
Amen, due to motorcycles, they just buried one of my students last month and I took a call from a student that left night class yesterday and is now facing being out of school for a couple or more weeks with a broken knee and leg.... pins, screws, etc.

If it weren't for all of those people that "just can't see motorcycles....."

Gene
May 31
Because your analogy was backwards. John
May 31
Just for you:

http://tinyurl.com/hb7c7

Just enter your state.

John
May 31
1) Don't be so sensitive.... nobody is calling you a liar.

2) Maybe I don't understand what you are saying. How can you:

a) Be moving b) push on a right handlebar, causing it to move a little c) continue pushing on the handlebar d) have the handlebar not continue moving forward or stay in position in the direction it is pushed, thus not moving the tire to the left e) hence, not causing the motorcycle to turn left?

Now, if you are saying that this has something to do with a brief push on the handlebar and an ensuing off-balance condition causing a lean, which then causes a turn, I understand that! If so, I return to my original position that this special case is way more about understanding balance on a motorcycle than it has with steerage. Assuming the given that *any* lean on a motorcycle will cause a turn.

3) Somewhere, I lost the connection between this phenomenon and docking?

Gene
May 31
I'd probably pay to watch you work through this process Don
May 31
Lord help us all! Don
May 31
Why are people so fascinated with recumbent cars? Jim
May 31
One thing is for sure. Push left or right without doing anything else and you will get a serious rash. Amen Brother Jim Jim
May 31
Yeah, really. What a scary thought. HK
May 31
I've never ridden a motorcycle. But if I'm on my bicycle and I push on the left hand handle bar, or pull on the right one (rotating the handle bars clockwise as viewed by a bird flying by) and the bike turns right.

I still cannot comprehend how adding a motor causes the opposite.

D.Duck
May 30
Nothing to do with the motor.

There are a lot of factors in play when you make a turn on a two-wheeled vehicle. Try this sometime on you're bicycle. Ride along, nice and straight and without leaning. As you pedal along, gently push one of the handlebars away from you. (no leaning) Note which way the bike tries to turn.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Did you take into account the shifting of your weight in order to "push" (down?) on the left handle bar? Chuck
May 30
I think it has to do with the shifting of weight to the side you are "pushing" on. Chuck
May 30
Yep. The only exception is with high speed racing motorcycles, bikes or cars going into turns on a dirt or otherwise slippery track.

I was never talking about those conditions.

Every bicycle I ever used turned right when I pushed the left side of the handle bar away me. Every motorcycle I ever owned did the same. Thus my analogy in my original post.

I never thought my original post to this thread would evolve into dirt bike racing maneuvers or disagreements on how to ride a bicycle.

'nuf said. ;-)

JimH
May 30
Okay, I'll vouch for Eisboch. Except I always thougnt of it as push on the hand grip that is closest to the pavement and you'll turn in that more sharply in that direction... and if for some reason the handlebars should snap back in the opposite direction you will be launched @ss over tea kettle over said handlebars.

Steve P.

Steve
May 30
Aren't you talking about 'drifting'.. as you might see on a dirt racetrack? Don
May 30
No.

I guess you all will have to just go try it. It's due to the gryoscopic stability of the bike. Now .... did you know that helicopters were impossible to fly until gyroscopic progression was recognized and accounted for in the control of the rotating airfoils?

Somehow boating will tie into this somewhere.....

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Here's one more link on the motorcycle/bicycle steering subject, and I'll let it now drop. For the non-believers, I've quoted a small section of the article below:

"The concept of turning the front wheel one way to go the opposite way certainly is counterintuitive. Those of us who started riding before there was rider training probably had to grasp the concept by ourselves, and perhaps we did it subconsciously. And some people never quite realize that you steer left to go right and vice versa. In fact, I have heard some longtime riders insist that that's not the case, that motorcycles steer the way the front wheel is initially turned. I have also heard bicyclists deny that a bicycle steers this way. The issue is also confused by the fact that you can steer a motorcycle by leaning, as anyone who has ridden any distance with their hands off the bars (a practice that can lead to disaster if you hit something in the road or have a flat tire, I need to point out) can testify. Some motorcyclists will tell you that shifting your body weight is the primary way to steer a motorcycle."

Source:

http://www.motorcyclecruiser.com/streetsurvival/motorcycle_countersteering/

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
No one can give you a good answer without knowing a good deal more about your set-up. For instance: How closely spaced are the outboards, are they both righthand/left hand wheels, are they counter rotating (inboard turning, outboard turning)...so forth and so on. Best bet, find out this info then find someone in your area with a similar set-up who seems (from observation) to know how to handle his/her boat, and ask for help.

otn

> "Joe" <golfvergnugen@earthlink.net> wrote in message

otnmbrd
May 31
Ok forget all about the cycle analogies you are reading. If you're in a pinch and get nervous, remember this.

Look at your shifters/throttles. See how the port throttle bends or is angled towards starboard? And the reverse is true for the starboard throttle/shifter? This was done for ergonomics, but it's a great helper as well. The part of the boat you want to steer will always follow that bend. So if you want the stern to go to starboard in reverse, then the port shifter should be used (in reverse). Visualize it... you pull the port shifter to reverse, and that bend is pointing starboard... the stern will go the direction of the bend. Take that same port shiter and move it forward, and the bow will move to starboard... same direction as the bend. Want to go in circles about the boat? On ahead and one aft, and the boat will pivot in the direction of the bend in the shifters. Try it.

--Mike

"Joe" <golfvergnugen@earthlink.net> wrote in message

Mike
May 30
I just returned from my morning bike ride on my brandy new mountain Short
May 31
It might help to explain, pushing left *initiates* a left turn. I think everyone understands motorcycles turn by leaning, and pushing left is the quickest way to get that left-hand lean. If you kept pushing left, you wouldn't be turning, you would be on the ground, on the left hand side of the motorcycle of course. I found this one paragraph from one of your links quite clarifying.

"If we intentionally move the contact patch line from vertically beneath the Center of Gravity, the bike will start to lean. For example, if while riding the bike straight ahead, we press on the left bar the front wheel points to the right. The front wheel tracks to the right (sometimes called “out tracking”). So the weight of bike and rider is now to the LEFT of it’s “support” on the ground, the tire contact patches. Because the weight is to the left, the bike leans to the left. It is important to note, for a LEFT turn, we initiate a lean to the left by pressing on the left bar, turning the front wheel to the RIGHT. This is often referred to as COUNTERSTEERING: a turn to the left initiated by turning the front wheel to the right."

thunder
May 31
Go try it! Just so you're not influenced, do it with only one hand. Then you'll get the idea. John
May 31
For some, that idea is very hard to conceptualize. It then catches up to them in an emergency situation. John
May 31
How much speed did you have? Remember, I said 'at speed', not at a walk or while standing still. John
May 31
PS> And, you're right. The movement of the front wheel to the right causes the bike to lean to the left, which causes the bike to turn to the left. John
May 31
I agree with the "initiates".

It is an interesting action though and may be readily experienced if you ride straight and level at a constant speed, then very gently push one of the bars without leaning or correcting in any other way. Push too hard and you *will* have to take corrective action, otherwise you will go down.

Oh, well. Enough of that.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 31
It took a long time to convince Motorcycle Safety Foundation students of the same thing. The trick was to have them steer with one hand, then the push right - go right idea begins to stick. John
May 31
On 30 May 2007 18:19:01 -0700, Chuck Gould <chuckgould.chuck@gmail.com> wrote:

The shifting of weight will lower the center of gravity, enabling a sharper turn with less lean angle. I think Tom was just experimenting with a bike at rest. If he had any speed on the bike, he'd be on the ground.

John
May 31
Yes, if you're at walking speed. Now get up to 15mph and see what happens. John
May 31
The geometry of the front end of a bicycle is very similar to that of a motorcycle. The steering principles are the same - at speed, not at rest or at a walking speed.

Try it, you'll like it. It's also one reason kids have a hard time transitioning from a tricycle to a bicycle.

John
May 31
Get the bike up to speed. Take your right hand off the handlebar, and do the same thing. You will go left, as the bike will lean that way as soon as you push on the left bar.

If you don't realize this, don't ride your bike in touchy situations where you may have to suddenly swerve.

John
May 31
Guess what....you paid no attention to what your hands were doing when the bike turned. I believe you're the only one who mentioned dirt bikes, but the principle is the same. John
May 31
On 30 May 2007 18:20:47 -0700, Chuck Gould <chuckgould.chuck@gmail.com> wrote:

No it doesn't. Try it. Shifting the weight just enables you to turn without as much bike lean.

John
May 31
What you've said is correct. If you're in a turn, and you see you've not turned sharply enough, pushing on the handlebar closest to the pavement (the inside of the turn) will cause the bike to turn more sharply.

What will cause handlebars to 'snap back' is often referred to as 'high siding'. This is caused by releasing the rear brake while the bike is in a rear-wheel skid. The sudden resumption of traction will cause the bike to suddenly right itself, often too far.

John
May 31
Yeah, countersteering. Push left - go left. Push right - go right.

Thank you.

John
May 31
Oh no - your not getting out of this that easily. :>)

"This is often referred to as COUNTERSTEERING"

Here is where I think the concepts are confusing.

Just for giggles, I borrowed the dirt bike from the kid across the street and did some experiments on the straight and the S curves on my road.

There is no way you can initiate a left hand turn by pushing the left handlebar forward at speed going straight. It's not possible.

Now, if I lean left, I can control the turn by pushing the handlebar up to maintain the angle of the turn and the angle of attack to the curve. Just like a bicycle. That is entirely different than initiating a left hand turn by pushing the left handlebar forward.

And in case you are wondering what the neighbors thought of me running up and down the road at differing speeds on a dirt bike at 6:40 AM and turning right and left back and forth, don't worry about it. My neighbors are used to the occasional slice of weirdness from me.

It's cheap entertainment. :>)

Short
May 31
Take another look at that picture on the "lookee here" post.

See anything interesting?

Short
May 31
You gotta have some speed. Try it with one hand, on pavement, with speed. If you push left you will go left, unless you've figured out a way to go right while the bike is leaning far to the left! John
May 31
No, I've spent many hours teaching prospective motorcycle riders how to ride. John
May 31
All due respect John, but I was riding and I've been riding bicycles for a long time - since I was a kid in fact.

As to speed, there is a long hill with a right hand curve that I use to build speed for a long straight run - that's where I did my experimenting.

I didn't hit the ground.

Short
May 31
Not the same thing. You don't puch left to go left - you push left to maintain stability in the turn.

Not the same thing.

Short
May 31
Sorry John - didn't work that way and never has.

I still say those who are on the left/left side of the argument are confusing two seperate issues.

That's my story and I'm sticking to it. :>)

Short
May 31
To think this all started with a *bicycle* handle bar analogy.....how high speeds and motorcycles got into the mix is beyond me. ;-) JimH
May 31
Some people should just stick with 4-wheeled Corvettes.

Eisboch :-)

Eisboch
May 31
I confess.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 31
ROTFL!!

Damn straight.

Hey, I'm only here for the discussion. :>)

Besides, I'm not a motorcycle person. Hate the things actually.

I regard motorcycle riders in the same vein as PWC riders.

I won't say which vein that is. :>)

Short
May 31
You are forgiven. Go and sin no more brother Eisboch. JimH
May 31
It's the nature of Usenet.

An endless and fascinating virtual world.

Short
May 31
Hmmmm - kind of open ended confession.

Did you happen to know Jimmy Hoffa? :>)

Short
May 31
That is a ridiculous special case..... if you keep pushing, the response of the motorcycle will be as above.

This phenomenon is just an exercise in balance control, not steerage.

Gene
May 31
I was with a customer yesterday who just purchased an '07 Vette. The thing is keyless and ignition is controlled by a proximity fob. He says the car rides nicer than his new Silverado and is like night and day (ride wise) compared to the '02 Vette he traded in. JimH
May 31
You, sir, are wrong. But, that's OK. I didn't take into account that the kid's dirt bike was a tricycle. Stop the leaning, which confuses the issue. Pretend you are a sack of potatoes, i.e., keep your body on the same plane as the bike. Now, at speed, take your right hand off the bar and slightly push forward with your left hand. You will go left, unless you have a negative rake angle on the bike. (For more on this, go to:

http://www.msgroup.org/TIP163.html

Or, it could be that a lot of people in the 'know' are just lying to you. If, however, you are ever in a position where you must make a sudden swerve, it helps to know how to do it. Guesswork causes people to go off the edge of the road or hit the automobile they were trying to avoid.

John
May 31
They are very nice and if I could convince Mrs. Wave that I actually need to purchase one as a long term investment for the kids, I'd be riding in one right now.

Unfortunately, she ain't buying it.

~~ sigh ~~

Corvettes are the only thing GM ever made worth a damn.

Short
May 31
Check out my reply to Tom, or just go to:

http://www.msgroup.org/TIP163.html

Why would Eisboch and I lie about this?

John
May 31
I've never taken a motorcycle course and being cheap enough, I just might do that.

I want to see this "taught" myself because I agree with you - it's more about maintaining momentum and angle of attack in a turn than actually steering.

Short
May 31
If you are referring to the fact that the front tire seems to be pointing to the right, yes. It is most likely because the driver has pushed the right bar to get the bike upright or start a right turn. John
May 31
OK, then you unknowingly compensated in some other fashion. Tom, why the hell would I lie about this? Why would the folks at the Motorcycle Safety Foundation lie about it?

" Speed Stabilizes the motorcycle and press left, lean left, go left are two phrases heard by students taking the MRC:RSS rider course. During the course students may be told to trust us on this one...it REALLY works Well, it DOES really work, but during the course there is little time to explain why speed DOES stabilize the motorcycle and yes, you DO press the left bar to initiate a turn to the left." (from the 'lookie her' site)

Not knowing is not a criminal offense. Hell, most folks don't know this. One of my brothers, a Harley rider for years, didn't know it. Another, who was a motorcycle cop, knows it very well!

John
May 31
No, you push left to initiate a left turn. You then push left to go more sharply, or let up to turn less sharply. If you're in a left turn and want to quickly go right, then you'll push hard on the right bar. John
May 31
That was Rich. And, it's OK to stick to a wrong story.

But, don't do it in an emergency.

John
May 31
Amen. John
May 31
Cadillac has had that for a couple years now. John
May 31
Interesting question. I'm just lurking here, so I'll tag on another question that might be related. Inboards, even when in neutral, exert some force on the boat that can be used to move in a certain direction. Do outboards do this? JoeSpareBedroom
May 30
Think in terms of a bicycle handlebar..turn left and your left hand (port engine controls) pulls down (reverse) or towards you on the handlebar, right hand (starboard engine) up (forward) or away from you......turn right and your left hand pushes up (forward on the port engine) and your right hand down (reverse on the starboard engine)...all the time with both engines in idle and the wheel in the forward (straight ahead position) and not touching the wheel.

When I would stern in with our larger boat (with twins) I would slowly go past the slip (on the starboard side) while centering the wheel and engines at idle, put port in reverse while bumping starboard in and out of forward or reverse as I needed to adjust my position. When finalizing the approach and parallel to the slip I would nudge both engines in and then out of forward to stop the boats reverse progress.

This worked for me. This worked for me

JimH
May 30
Not to be picky, but if you're going at any speed on your bicycle and pull the left handlebar towards you, you will turn right.

Push left, go left. Push right, go right. Just the opposite of a tricycle.

John
May 30
Huh? D.Duck
May 30
Where did you ever get such an idea?

Take it back for a refund. :-)

Chuck
May 30
Sounds like you're approaching the dock at almost a 90 degree angle, and then trying to make a 90 degree turn to put your port or starboard side against the dock or float?

Many boaters rely almost exclusively on the engines when docking a twin engine boat under normal conditions.

Don't forget to visualize your "pivot point" which will be about halfway between your bow and your stern on most twin engine vessels.

Also, you could easily find yourself moving ahead of the spot where you hope to pivot when you put one engine in forward and the other in reserse. The reason for this is that the prop works a lot more efficiently in forward than in reverse, so if you want the reverse side to come back at the same speed that the forward side is going ahead you will need to use a bit more throttle on the reverse engine.

You might try approaching the dock at less of an angle than "perpendicular" -unless you have very strong wind blowing you directly off the dock and in that case the closer to perpendicular the better. Try something closer to about 30-35 degrees. As you get close to the dock use your twins to "pivot" the bow out a bit so that it doesn't wack anything and that will of course also pivot your stern toward the dock.Remember that momentum will continue to carry your boat toward the dock as you pivot, closing the "gap" that would otherwise exist between the side of your boat and the dock.

Don't approach the dock any faster than you are willing to hit it.

Don't be afraid to back off and go around again. (Just as I had to do last weekend when a gust of wind blew up at the wrong moment.....)

Don't expect to be really good at this without a lot of practice, but you can become passably capable in an afternoon.

Chuck
May 30
Oh my! You sniffin' the wife's nail polish again? Shame on you! Don
May 30
He's correct. Same on a motorcycle. Push the left handle forward, the bike will make a left turn. Push the right handle forward, bike turns to the right.

Try it sometime.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
John Herring is a boatless bitter old man who obviously has no experience with twin engines or bicycles. It is best to ignore him. JimH
May 30
With outboards, you have to remember that you are using vectored thrust.

"Spin" a boat with outboards is possible, but it requires practice. The simplest way to manuever is to put the opposite engine in reverse (or forward depending) and use the other engine to change the direction of the bow. Occasionally, you will need to reverse that process while manuevering as conditions warrant.

Backing into any spot is also the best way to use vectored thrust in my opinion. In reverse, you are pulling the boat much like you would a front wheel drive car - the way you turn the wheel is the way the boat will go - much like backing up a trailer. Once you get a line of the dock, the rest is just applying power in the appropriate direction to bring the bow into alignment.

What I find very helpful in teaching docking manuevers is to pick a bouy ( or even a floating dock if there aren't any swimmers around) and use that for practice. Just spent an hour or so learning how the boat reacts using different approaches and experiment with the proper combination of power and thrust.

Short
May 31
Ok I just did.

Pushing the left handlebar forward moves the front wheel to the right.

Pushing the right handlebar forward moves the front wheel to the left.

Short
May 31
Yeah, I wonder where the error came from... HK
May 30
Ya gotta be riding it .... and moving.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Non believers ... all of you. Believe me .... it's true.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Hmmm. Actually push the left side of the handle bar away from you while pulling the right side towards you and you go right. JimH
May 30
Give that man a cigar! JimH
May 30
No. On a moving motorcycle, (and I assume a bicycle, although I haven't tried it) pushing the left handle away from you will cause the motorcycle to turn towards the left ... same side that you are pushing. Push on the right ... bike will turn towards the right.

I can see several people are having trouble with this. Don't feel bad. So did I until I tried it.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Not yet.

True, standing still, the front wheel will move as described. But when moving ... the bike (not the front wheel) will turn to the side that you are pushing on.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
Lookie her:

http://www.rider-ed.com/tips/motorcyclestability.htm

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
The big issue with twin engine outboards is that the engines are are usually mounted close together, and the props are relatively small. As a result, most twin engine maneuvering tricks don't work particularly well or take longer than you'd like.

Get some practice in open water and find out what works on your particular boat. If you want to spin quickly to port, put the starboard shifter forward, and the port shifter in reverse. In addition, turn the wheel hard to port for some vectored thrust. Everything is opposite for spinning to starboard. Be wary of trying to spin the bow into the wind in close quarters.

Wind is not your friend on a lighter boat and you need to maneuver quickly and decisively, all the time controling your speed to the minimum required to accomplish all of that. It can be a delicate balance at times and requires practice.

Wayne.B
May 30
Meant to type "Lookie here" .... anyway, the link describes gyroscopic progression which is why JohnH was correct.

Eisboch

Eisboch
May 30
   

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